Notes

 P. 101- Assassination and another Caesar

• In 44 BC, Caesar secured a vote from the senate making him dictator for life
• He became a Greek style tyrant
• March 15th, 44 B.C., Caesar appeared in the senate house and a crowd of senators struck him down with their daggers
• Mark Antony and Octavian were rival loyalists of Caesar
• Marcus Lepidus defeated Cassius and Brutus in the battle of Greece 
• Antony's love affair with Cleopatra made him unpopular in Rome
• Rome was divided into 2 parts
• In 31 B.C., the rulers of the two halves of Rome went to war
• Antony and Cleopatra both went back to Egypt
• They both committed suicide

Chapter 7- Page 103

• " The Era of the Roman peace was one of massive social, religious, and cultural changes that would form a new pattern of Western civilization"
• Augustus' new system of government kept many features of the Roman Republic , allowed subject peoples  good deal for self rule, and brought Rome's destabilizing expansion to a halt
• The result was 200 years of stability that modern scholars call the Roman peace
• The Roman version of Greco- Roman civilization prevailed in the western territories, and the Greek version was dominant in the East
• all of the roman art was inspired my Greek models
• Hadrian's wall was constructed at the order of the emperor Hadrian between ad 122 and 128
•  it was originally 10 feet or more high and ran for 70 miles across the island of Britain
• Romans called the barbarian territory the barbaricum 

Page 104- 107

• Princeps- "First citizen", a traditional Roman name for prominent leaders who were considered indispensable to the Republic that came to be used by Augustus and other early emperors
• CHRONOLOGY
• 29-19 B.C.- Vigil composes the Aeneid
• 27 B.C.- End of Roman republic and beginning of Roman Emperors
• A.D. 14- Augustus dies and Tiberius takes over without challenge
• A.D. 62-70 Jewish revolt against Rome
• A.D. 117- Under Emperor Trajan, the Roman empire reaches its greatest extent
• A.D. 126- Pantheon built in Rome
• A.D. 212- All free inhabitants of the Roman Empire are declared Roman citizens
• A.D. 529- Justinian's law code begins to be published, systematizing the laws of Rome
• "Augustus and his successors broke with the Roman tradition of citizen- soldiers to create the world's first professional standing army
• The advent of monarchy brought five centuries of Roman expansion to an end
• A military disaster prompted a new thinking on expansion
• In a.d. 9, recently conquered peoples on central Europe and Germany beyond the Rhine rebelled against the Romans, and an entire Roman army was destroyed by German barbarian insurgents
• This loss forced Augustus to realize that his army had been overstretched by conquests and that a still larger army would be so expensive and so uncontrollable as to endanger his power 
• Augustus advised his successors not to expand
• after his death in a.d. 14, Augustus' will was found to contain a recently added clause advising the senate and his successors that the empire should be confined within its existing boundaries
• Most of Augustus' successors followed his advice because they, too, found expansion too risky and destabilizing. In the next century, only a few large independent territories were permanently added to the empire 
• The army's mission was changed from conquest to defense
• The army's 30,000 men were stationed in hundreds of permanent encampments along what came to be thought of as the permanent frontiers of the empire
• Though Roman forces often campaigned beyond the frontiers, it was nearly always to deter or punish attackers from the other side
• Marcus Caelius was the first centurion 
• He served for thirty years and his body was never found
• Augustus adopted Tiberius as his own son
• Caesar- The imperial title given to the designated successor of a reigning empire 
• Augustus- The imperial title given to a reigning empire 
• Roman Peace- (Pax Romana) A term used to refer to the relative stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the Mediterranean world and much of western Europe during the first and second centuries a.d.